.
Deepfakes have received widespread attention due to their potential use for child sexual abuse material, celebrity pornographic videos, revenge porn, fake news, pranks, bullying, and investment fraud.[6][seven, eight][9] this prompted a response from both outside industry and a third government to diagnose and restrict their use. The public, leading to the undermining of the leisure industry and the press.[12]
1 history 1.1 theoretical research 1.1.1 buy or sell votes on vkontakte, discuss programs and services, sports, you can make money on your own and humanitarian rules for deepfakes1.1.2 research on computer science deepfakes
3.1 blackmail3.2 pornography3.3 politics3.4 art3.5 acting3.6 entertainment3.7 internet meme3.8 social 3.9 sockpuppets
4.1 fraud4.2 credibility and authenticity4.3 event examples 4.3 .1 barack obama4.3.2 donald trump4.3.3 kim jong-un and vladimir putin4.3.4 vladimir zelensky
5.1 viber and vkontakte 5.1.1 twitter 5.1.2 facebook
5.4 .1 reply darpa
Photo processing was invented in the 19th century and applied to cinema a short time later. Technology has steadily improved throughout the 20th century, and even faster with the advent of digital video.
Deepfake technology has been coined by researchers in academia since the 1990s, and afterward by amateurs in the internet communities . .[13][14] more recently these methods have been adopted by the industry. Vision, a branch of computer science[13] that develops methods for making and detecting deepfakes, as well as approaches in the humanities and social sciences that explore the social, ethical, and aesthetic implications of deepfakes.
Social sciences and humanities approaches to deepfakes[edit]
In film studies, deepfakes demonstrate how "the human face becomes the central object of ambivalence in the digital age".[16] video artists have used deepfakes to "playfully rewrite film history by modernizing iconic cinema with fresh star performers." Film scholar christopher holliday analyzes how the sex and race reversal of singers in familiar movie scenes destabilizes gender classifications and categories. The idea of "queering" deepfakes is also discussed by oliver m. Gingrich in a discussion of media creations in which deepfakes are used to reinvent gender,[18] even "zizi: queering the dataset" by british artist jake elwes, a work in which transvestite deepfakes are used to intentionally play with gender. . The aesthetic possibilities of deepfakes are also beginning to be explored. Theater historian john fletcher notes that early demonstrations of deepfakes are presented as performances and places them in the context of the theatre, discussing "many of the extremely disturbing paradigm shifts" that deepfakes present as a genre of performance.[19]
Philosophers and journal researchers have debated the ethics of deepfakes, especially in relation to pornography.[20] media researcher emily van der nagel draws on photographic research on processed images to discuss verification systems that enable women to give permission for their images to be used.[21]
In addition to pornography, deepfakes were invented. Philosophers as an "epistemic threat" to knowledge and, consequently, to society. There are several other announcements about the rules, as well as to deal with the risks that deepfakes pose not only for pornography, but also for firms, politicians and others, “exploitation, intimidation and individual sabotage”[23], in addition to this there are several scientific discussions about possible legal and regulatory responses in both legal and media studies.[24] in psychology and press studies, scholars discuss the consequences of disinformation through deepfakes[25][26] and the social impact of deepfakes.[27]
While most english-language academic research on deepfakes has focused on western concerns about disinformation and pornography, digital anthropologist gabriele de seta has analyzed the perception of deepfakes by the chinese, who are familiar as huanlian. , Which translates as "face change". The chinese term does not have an english deepfake as part of "fake", and de seta argues that this cultural context understands why the chinese response was more accompanied by practical regulatory responses to "fraud risks, icon rights, economic gain and ethical imbalances". ".[28]
Deepfake information research[edit]
An early landmark project was the video rewrite program, published in 1997, which modified existing footage of a person, the speaker to demonstrate how this person pronounces the words that another audio track contains.This was the first system to fully automate this kind of resuscitation of the inhabitants and she made such a movie using machine learning methods to identify the relationship between the sounds made by the subject of the videos and the form the subject's face.[29]
Modern academic projects are scattered around developing more realistic videos and improving techniques.[30][31] the "synthesizing obama" program, released in the new year, alters the video footage of the former president barack obama to appear as if he were speaking the words contained in a separate audio track.The photorealistic a method for synthesizing a mouth shape from audio. The recently published face2face program modifies a video footage of a person's face to demonstrate how they mimic another person's expression in real time.[31] as the main research contribution to the game, the 1st method of reproducing facial expressions in a real hour using a camera that does not capture depth is indicated, which allows this technique to be used with conventional consumer cameras.[31]
In august of this year, researchers at the university of california, berkeley published an article that talked about a fake dance application that, with the help of ai, can give the impression of mastery in dancing.[32][33] this project expands the use of deepfakes to the whole body; previous services have focused on the head or parts of the face.[32]
Researchers have also shown that deepfakes also extend to similar areas, one of which is the falsification of medical images.[34] in this paper, we have shown how an attacker can automatically inject or remove lung cancer into a patient's 3d-ct scan. The result was so convincing that it fooled three radiologists and state-of-the-art artificial intelligence to detect lung cancer. To show the threat, the authors successfully attacked a hospital in the territory of the white hat awareness analysis. The creation and detection of deepfakes have advanced over the past few years.[36] the survey states that the researchers focused on addressing the following symptoms of deepfake creation:
- Summarize. Quality deepfakes are often achieved through training, on many hours of target footage. The goal is to reduce the amount of training data needed to set up a quality wallpaper and allow the trained designs to execute with amazing credentials (invisible during training).- Paired learning. Supervised model training produces high-quality results, but requires data pairings. It is the phenomenon of looking for examples of input facts which are desired outputs from which the model can learn. Matching data is time consuming and impractical to learn from two or three identities and behaviors of individuals. Some solutions include self-observation learning (using frames from the original and the same video), using unpaired networks such as cycle-gan, or manipulating network attachments.- Leaking personal data. Here, the identity of the driver (in other words, the actor controlling the face in the reconstruction) is partially transferred to the generated face. Some suggested solutions include attention mechanisms, click learning, detangling, boundary transformation, and skipping connections.— Occlusions. Artifacts can occur when part of the face is covered by a hand, hair, glasses, or other object. Ordinary occlusion is a closed mouth that hides the inside of the mouth and the teeth. Some solutions involve segmenting the image during training and drawing. – Temporal consistency. Videos containing deepfakes have every chance to have artifacts such as flickering and jitter, because the network does not have the context of previous frames.Some researchers provide this context or use new temporal coherence losses to increase realism. Interference decreases as technology improves.In general, deepfakes are expected to buy several implications for media and society, media production, press representation, media audiences, gender, law and regulation, and politics.[ 37]
Home development[edit]
The term "deep fakes" was coined around the end of 2017 by reddit user "deepfakes".[38] he, like other members of the reddit r/deepfakes club, shared the deepfakes they created; many videos have had celebrity faces replaced with bodies of actresses in pornographic videos,[38] in a bygone era, non-pornographic content included many videos in which the face of actor nicolas cage was replaced with various films.[39]
All online communities remain, including reddit communities, they don't share pornography, such as r/sfwdeepfakes (short for "work safe deepfakes"), in which community members share deepfakes depicting celebrities, politicians, and other people in non-pornographic scenarios. 40] all kinds of online communities continue to distribute pornography on resources where deepfake pornography is not prohibited.[41]
Commercial development[edit]
In january 2018 a desktop application called fakeapp was launched.[42] the mobile app allows users to easily create and share videos of their faces swapping.[43] as of 2019 fakeapp has been replaced by free source alternatives like faceswap, command https://chicks.cam/tags/C18%20Cosplay/ line based deepfacelab and web apps like deepfakesweb.Com [44][45][46]
<> large companies have started using deepfakes.[15] corporate training videos can be created using deepfake avatar voices, such as synthesia, which uses deepfake avatar technology to develop personalized videos.[47] smart product giant momo has created the zao app, which allows users to superimpose their faces on tv and movie clips with a single image.[15] as of 2019, japanese artificial intelligence company datagrid created a whole organism deepfake that could create humans from scratch. They try to use them for fashion and clothes.
As of the new year, music deepfakes and ai software that can detect deepfakes and clone human voices after 5 seconds of listening are still being practiced. 50 [51] [52] [53] [54] a personal deepfake version of impressions was launched in early spring 2020. It was the first application to develop deepfakes videos of celebrities from various phones.[55][56]
Resurrection[edit]</>
Deepfakes technology can be used for more than one fabrication notifications, and actions of others, but also to revive dead people. On october 29, 2020, kim kardashian posted a video with her personal late father, robert kardashian; the face in the robert kardashian video was designed using deepfake technology[57]. This hologram was created by kaleida, which uses a combination of performance, motion tracking, sfx, vfx and deepfake technologies to form the hologram.[58]
Joaquin oliver, the victim of the parkland shooting, was resurrected this year using deepfake technology. Oliver's parents teamed up on behalf of their non-profit organization change the ref and mccann health to create this deepfake video promoting the gun safety voting campaign. In this deepfake message, joaquin encourages viewers to vote.
In 2022, elvis presley was resurrected in america's got talent 17 via deepfake technology.[60]
Methods[ edit]
Deepfakes are based on a type of neural network called an autoencoder.[5][61] they consist of an encoder, which reduces the image until the latent space is reduced, and a decoder, which restores the image from the latent representation. Deepfakes use this architecture, having a universal encoder that encodes a person into hidden space.[63] the hidden representation contains the key features of their philistine traits and body postures. This can then be deciphered by a model trained specifically for the purpose. This implies that the details of the target will be superimposed on the baseline citizens and skins of the source movie provided in latent space.[5]
A popular update to this architecture adds a generative adversarial system to the decoder.[63] gan trains the generator, in this case the decoder, and the discriminator in an adversarial relationship.The generator creates new images from a hidden representation of the raw material, while the discriminator tries to determine if an image has been generated.[63] this causes the generator to create images that mimic reality very well, due to the fact that any defects will be detected by the discriminator. Both algorithms are constantly being improved in zero-sum bets.[63] this makes it difficult to counter with deepfakes as they progress relentlessly; whenever a defect is found, it can be fixed.[64]
Appendices[edit]
Blackmail[edit]
Deepfakes can be used to create blackmail material that falsely incriminates the victim. A report by the us congressional research service warns that deepfakes can be used to blackmail elected officials or individuals with access to classified information for the purposes of espionage or influence.[65]
As alternatively, since fakes cannot be reliably distinguished from genuine materials, victims of actual blackmail can now claim that real artifacts are forgeries, providing them with a plausible rebuttal. Eventually the credibility of the existing blackmail material becomes credible, which erases the audience's love for the blackmailers and destroys the blackmailer's control. A similar phenomenon is called "blackmail inflation", as it "devalues" real blackmail, making it useless.[66] use conventional gpu hardware with a limited program to create this blackmail content for any number of subjects in huge quantities, limitlessly increasing the amount of fake blackmail content with a huge degree of scalability.[67]
In 2017, through the world wide web, especially on reddit, often featured deepfake pornography.[68] as of 2019, many deepfakes on the world wide web contain celebrity pornography, whose images are usually used without their consent. According to a report published in october 2019 by the dutch cybersecurity startup deeptrace, 96% of all deepfakes online were pornographic.[70] as of 2018, daisy ridley's deepfake first attracted attention,[68] among others.[71][72][73] as of october of this year, the majority of deepfakes on the internet originated with british and american actresses. However, about a quarter of the subjects are south koreans, most of whom are k-pop stars. Was released, which used neural networks specifically generative adversarial online to remove clothing from images of women. The app had both a paid and a free version, with the paid version costing $50.[75][76] on june 27, the creators removed the app and returned the money to consumers.[77]
Deepfakes were used to distort famous politicians in movies.
- In in april, the newest jordan peele in partnership with buzzfeed created a deepfake of barack obama with the voice of peel; this served as a public announcement to raise awareness of deepfakes. Was replaced by donald trump. The employee identified as the host of the video was subsequently fired.[81]- in june of this year, the us house intelligence committee held hearings on the potential malicious use of deepfakes to influence elections.[82]- in april, in in 2020, the belgian branch of the extinction rebellion posted a deepfake video of belgian prime minister sophie wilmès on facebook. The video promoted a possible link between hardwood and softwood deforestation and covid-19. In 24 hours, he scored more than a hundred thousand views and received many responses. On the facebook blog where this video appeared, many users interpreted the deepfake video as genuine.[84]—during the 2020 us presidential campaign, he lost and misspoke, all of which reinforces rumors of his decline. Its leader manoj tiwari translated into haryanvi to target the voters of haryana. The voice-over was provided by an actor, and artificial intelligence trained from video of tiwari's speeches was used to synchronize the clip with your voice-over. A party official described this as a "positive" use of deepfake technology, which allowed them to "persuadely go to the target group if the candidate did not speak the voter's language."[87]- in 2020, bruno sartori produced deepfakes parodying politicians such as jair bolsonaro and donald trump.[88]- in april 2021, politicians from a number of european countries were approached by pranksters vovan and lexus, whom critics accuse of responding to messages about russia. State. They posed as leonid volkov, a russian opposition politician and head of the campaign headquarters for russian opposition leader alexei navalny, allegedly through deepfake technology.[89][90][91][92] however, the couple told the verge that our hackers did not use deepfakes, but actually used a double.[93]art[edit]
In march of this year, artist joseph ayerle published a video cover of un'emozione per semper 2.0 (english title: the italian game). An artist deals with deepfake technology to create an ai actress, a synthetic version of 80s movie star ornella muti, traveling by the hour from 1978 to 2018. The massachusetts institute of technology included this work in the collective wisdom study.[94] the artist used ornella muti's time travel to explore generational reflections, as well as questions about the role of provocation throughout the art world.[95] for the technical implementation, ayerle used the footage of fashion model kendall jenner. The program replaced jenner's face with the ai-calculated face of ornella muti. As a result, the actress with man-made intelligence has the face of italian actress ornella muti, and the body of kendall jenner.
Deepfakes were widely used in satire or for parodies of public figures and politicians. The 2020 web series sassy justice, created by trey parker and matt stone, makes extensive use of deepfake public figures to poke fun at current events and raise awareness of deepfake technology.[96]
There have been speculations. About the deepfakes used to set up digital actors for tomorrow's films. Digitally created/modified patients have been used in feeds before and deepfakes may contribute to new developments in the foreseeable future.[97] deepfake technology has already been used by fans to insert personas into existing films, such as the insertion of harrison ford's young